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Molecular genetic analysis of thyroid carcinomas in pediatric and adolescent patients
Bulanová, Barbora ; Kuklíková, Vlasta (advisor) ; Ludvíková, Marie (referee) ; Vícha, Aleš (referee)
Thyroid nodules are rare in pediatric and adolescent patients, but they are at greater risk of malignancy than adult patients. Thyroid carcinomas are the most common endocrine malignancy and their incidence is increasing. Although there are several types of thyroid carcinoma, 90% of cases in pediatric and adolescent patients are papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The aim of this study was to analyze a large cohort of PTCs from pediatric and adolescent patients, determine their genetic cause, and correlate the findings with clinical pathological data. Another aim was to characterize the most frequent findings and compare them with a cohort of adult patients with thyroid carcinoma positive for the same mutation. The final objective was to optimize a suitable methodology for detecting the most common findings in pediatric and adolescent patients for routine use. Thyroid tumor tissue samples were examined using molecular genetic methods, mostly using next-generation sequencing and real-time PCR analysis. We found that fusion genes were the most common cause of PTC in pediatric and adolescent patients, detected in 56% of patients. In total, 20 different types of fusion genes were identified, some of which have not been previously described in the literature. The fusion genes included the oncogenes...
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The condition of thyroid gland of slaughter cattle
PEKSA, Zdeněk
Thyroid is very important for the proper functioning of metabolism. Its hormones have a major impact on the correct development of metabolism.The aim of my work was to identify and evaluate various histometrical parameters of the thyroid gland in cattle. It was total collected 23 pieces of the thyroid gland (from 19 cows and 4 bulls). In determining the weight of the thyroid gland differences were found between cows and bulls (average value of the weight of the thyroid gland in bulls reached 33.28{$\pm$}8.12 g in cows this indicator reached a value of 55.12{$\pm$}35.52 g). It was also found positive correlation between (r = 0.33) weight of the thyroid gland and age of animals. One of the most important histometric parameters of the thyroid gland was the length of follicle. By the help of this criterion follicles were divided into three size categories. The large follicles in bulls reached at average 273.25 {$\pm$}86.75 {$\mu$}m and in cows 269.63{$\pm$}81.75{$\mu$}m. The size of medium follicles in bulls fluctuated around an average 124.3{$\pm$}26.77 m and in cows 122.92{$\pm$}24.94 {$\mu$}m. The small follicles in bulls take the values at average 31.33{$\pm$}7.24 {$\mu$}m and in cows 58.96{$\pm$}11.81 {$\mu$}m. Furthermore, differences in the percentage representation of separate size fractions of follicles were found. The percentage reprezentation of large follicles in bulls was 37.92{$\pm$}6.22 % and 28.29{$\pm$}14.77 % in cows. There were 49.17{$\pm$}5.35 % medium follicles in bulls and 39.80{$\pm$}9.05 % in cows. Small follicles were present in 8.75{$\pm$}3.82 % in bulls and 31.91{$\pm$}16.27 % in cows. The high of epithelium in cows reached a value 8.87{$\pm$}1.84 {$\mu$}m, 9.59{$\pm$}1.25{$\mu$}m in bulls. It was also found a negative correlation (r =- 0.62) between the weight of thyroid and high of epithelium. In sheep, it was found 28.72{$\pm$}15.46 % of large follicles, 40.78{$\pm$}7.87 % of medium follicles and 30.5{$\pm$}11.34 % of small follicles. In lambs there were 3.28{$\pm$}3.48 % of large follicles, 57.38{$\pm$}20.51% of medium follicles and 39.34{$\pm$}23.15% of small follicles. The height of the epithelium in sheep was 6.19{$\pm$}0.49 {$\mu$}m and in lambs 6.00{$\pm$}1.18 {$\mu$}m. Exept this indicator, statistically significant differences (P<0,05) were found between all the other indicators of sheep and lambs.
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Thyroid tumors and their molecular genetic causes.
Šmídová, Barbora ; Dvořáková, Šárka (advisor) ; Soták, Matúš (referee)
The aim of this work is to summarize actual literature overview and to collect the up- to-date knowledge on genetic causes of the development of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid carcinomas represent the most often endocrine malignancy and its incidence is still growing. This work describes all types of thyroid carcinomas derived from different cell types and are distinguished also according to the degree of differentiation. The main genetic changes in the tumor tissues of the medullary, papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are described. Thyroid carcinomas occur mostly in sporadic form, rarely as a familial disease. The causes of familial forms of thyroid carcinomas are also summarized and the main mutations in the germ-line DNA are identified. Key words: carcinoma, genetics, mutation, thyroid
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Nursing caring for a patient with thyroid gland disease
Drnek, Jan ; Pírková, Vendula (advisor) ; Kulhavá, Miluše (referee)
This bachelor's thesis "Nursing care for female patient with thyroid disease" consists of two parts describing theory and practise. Theoretic part provides basic information about thyroid gland - anatomy, histology and physiology - function in human organism, followed by description of goitre, the most frequent disease requiring surgical intervention, focused on disorder reasons, incidence symptoms, diagnostics, therapy, possible complications and prognosis for patients suffering this disease. Part of the literary researche describes the nursing care process for patient with planned neck surgery, and the role of the nurse in pre- operative preparation and a post-operation care. Practical part presents a case story of 53 years old female patient from diagnosis to definitive surgical solution. Case story has been described according to the Marjorie Gordon nursing modus, which accentuates biologic and social needs of the client. After presentation of basic data on patient, diagnostics and therapy of her disease and hospitalisation course, the story has been focused on specific needs of the client, formulation of nursing diagnoses, targets and plans, their realisation and evaluation. The aim of this thesis was description of question is in surgically intervented thyroideal disease focused on nursing...
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Thyroid tumors and their molecular genetic causes.
Šmídová, Barbora ; Dvořáková, Šárka (advisor) ; Soták, Matúš (referee)
The aim of this work is to summarize actual literature overview and to collect the up- to-date knowledge on genetic causes of the development of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid carcinomas represent the most often endocrine malignancy and its incidence is still growing. This work describes all types of thyroid carcinomas derived from different cell types and are distinguished also according to the degree of differentiation. The main genetic changes in the tumor tissues of the medullary, papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are described. Thyroid carcinomas occur mostly in sporadic form, rarely as a familial disease. The causes of familial forms of thyroid carcinomas are also summarized and the main mutations in the germ-line DNA are identified. Key words: carcinoma, genetics, mutation, thyroid
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Thyroid tumors and their molecular genetic causes.
Šmídová, Barbora ; Dvořáková, Šárka (advisor) ; Koudelková, Lenka (referee)
The aim of this work is to summarize actual literature overview and to collect the up- to-date knowledge on genetic causes of the development of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid carcinomas represent the most often endocrine malignancy and its incidence is still growing. This work describes all types of thyroid carcinomas derived from different cell types and are distinguished also according to the degree of differentiation. The main genetic changes in the tumor tissues of the medullary, papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are described. Thyroid carcinomas occur mostly in sporadic form, rarely as a familial disease. The causes of familial forms of thyroid carcinomas are also summarized and the main mutations in the germ-line DNA are identified. Key words: carcinoma, genetics, mutation, thyroid
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Estimation of risks associated with the occurrence of synthetic thyroid
PECH, Michal
The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive overview of published findings regarding thyroid, thyroid hormones, their concentrations, stability in the aquatic environment and effect on fish. To determine the consumption of synthetic thyroid hormones in the Czech Republic, the data on the distribution of the drugs, in which they are contained, is analyzed over a period of five years (2011 - 2015). This has provided information about the issued amount of active ingredients i.e. levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3) for each year. T4 consumption increased over five years, except for 2013, with the highest consumption in 2015 corresponding to 34.6 kg of T4. T3 consumption ranged only in tens of grams before prescribing drugs containing T3 in the Czech Republic was ceased in September 2013. Based on the distribution of synthetic thyroid hormones, an estimate of concentrations that could normally occur in surface water was performed (PECRIVER). Two variants of the calculation were performed. The first variant was based on consumption of synthetic thyroid hormones. The second variant was based on excretion of thyroid hormones (including natural ones) by humans. Each of these variants was counted with the F value, i.e. the rate of removal of the chemical during the WWTP wastewater treatment process, from two different sources. The first source was the study by Svanfelt et al. (2010) where the efficacy of thyroid hormone removal during the WWTP purification process was 66% for T4 (this value was not determined for T3). The second source was EPI Suite software, which calculated the theoretical efficacy of removal of T4 and T3 at WWTP (35.83% for T4 and 5.36% for T3). The resulting concentrations were relatively low in the first variant. The median of the estimated concentrations of thyroid hormones in surface water with the efficacy of removing thyroid hormones during the WWTP purification process, taken from the study by Svanfelt et al. (2010), ranged from 0.6 - 0.7 ng-l-1 for T4. Using the theoretical value of the elimination rate calculated using the EPI Suite program, the median ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 ng-l-1 for T4 and from 0.0007 to 0.0025 ng-l-1 for T3 before it ceased to be used in September 2013. In the second variant, the resulting concentrations were somewhat higher. Median of the environmental concentrations of thyroid hormone with the removal rate taken from the study by Svanfelt et al. (2010) was determined to 1.5 ng-l-1 for T4. With the EPI Suite removal efficacy, the median was determined to 2.9 ng-l-1 for T4 and 0.13 ng-l-1 for T3. Estimated concentrations of thyroid hormones in surface water may currently seem relatively low to have a significant effect on fish, since the lowest thyroid hormone concentration at which any effect was observed ranged in tens of ng-l-1. However, it should be borne in mind that thyroid hormones enter the surface water as a result of incomplete removal during waste water treatment and fish are exposed to these hormones over a long period of time, meaning that even seemingly low concentration may pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms including fish. The fate of these hormones in the environment is therefore to be judged by further studies and toxicological experiments.
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Specificity in the provision of nursing care before and after thyroid surgery.
HAUSEROVÁ, Kateřina
After diabetes mellitus we encounter thyroid disease as the most common disease of the endocrine glands. The most common diseases of endocrine glands are inflammations, tumors, struma or thyroid enlargement, thyroid hyperfunction and hypofunction. Indications for surgery are among others malignant and benign thyroid diseases. In the postoperative care both general and specific principles are applied, which are conformed to the condition of the patient, the type of surgery and the surgeon requirements. Providing the right nursing care should also help the prevention of possible postoperative complications. The bachelor thesis named "Special features in providing nursing care before and after thyroid surgery" is divided into two parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part of the bachelor thesis deals with thyroid anatomy and physiology and its surroundings, its need for iodine, it describes individual thyroid diseases, thyroid disease diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it also deals with the nursing care before and after thyroid surgery, the emergence of possible complications and last but not least it deals with home care after the patient is discharged from hospital. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to detect the pecularities of providing nursing care before and after thyroid surgery and to determine regime measures and the knowledge of these in patients after thyroid surgery at the surgical department. Research questions were created to achieve the objectives. Q1: What are the pecularities of the nursing care before thyroid surgery? Q2: What are the pecularities of the nursing care after thyroid surgery? Q3: What are the regime measures in patients after thyroid surgery? Q3: What knowledge do the patients have about the regime measures after thyroid surgery? To obtain necessary data a semistructured interview method was used. To process this thesis a qualitative research was carried out. Semi-structured interviews were used as a technique for data collection. Categorization was compiled on the basis of interviews. A research survey was carried out in the surgical ward, where there are patients with thyroid disease. The research showed that the nurses are aware of care principles and they are sufficiently informed about treating a patient with thyroid disease. The interview showed the principles of nursing care, which should be followed throughout the whole period of hospitalization of patients with thyroid disease. In the interviews the nurses emphasized the differences in providing nursing care in a patient before and after thyroid surgery. Furthermore the research showed that nurses would be in favour of further training seminars that would deal with the given issue, about treating a patient with thyroid disease. Awarness and knowledge of the regime measures was also recognized in patients after thyroid surgery. Based on the data obtained from the interviews with patients, those report that their awareness and also knowledge of regime measures after thyroid surgery is minimal and insufficient. The result of the bachelor thesis was to determine the principles of care for patients with thyroid disease. Principles of nursing care were detected in patients before and after thyroid surgery. Furthermore, regime measures were identified in patients after thyroid surgery and also the knowledge of those regime measures in patients after thyroid disease. This bachelor thesis outlines the pecularities in nursing care of patiens with thyroid disease, policy of regime measures after a patient's discharge from hospital and keeping to those is among others a condition for early patients recovery and his return to a normal life. Based on the findings of the research and of available sources a flier will be created about the principles of nursing care for patients after thyroid surgery. The bachelor thesis will also serve as
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The thyroid gland activity of sheep
DŘÍZHALOVÁ, Blanka
In the theoretical part of my thesis, I describe the thyroid, its importance, anatomy, creation of hormones and their regulation. There is also summarized the knowledge of external environment influences on the thyroid such as nutrition, climatic conditions or seasons and internal factors influences, mainly breed, efficiency and age. The practical part is focused on the evaluation of the thyroid activity of free-range ewes and lambs in the spring and autumn of 2013. The thesis also deals with the evaluation of possible relevance between the content of thyroid hormones in the blood serum and the physiological state of the sheep. Thanks to the correlation between TSH and thyroid hormones, the proper regulation of the thyroid of ewes and lambs was confirmed. The thyroid activity was higher in the spring than in the autumn. The hypothyroidism in the autumn was not proved because no referential values of TSH are set. In the autumn there was a lower level of glucose and cholesterol in the blood of the ewes determined which gives evidence of a lower energy income from the feed in the autumn. Also the urea level which is closely connected to the energy shortage, starvation, and high income of N substances in the feed dosage was in the autumn twice as high as in the spring. There was a positive correlation determined between the higher urea concentration and the higher thyroid activity. Owing to the change of the feed content, the TSH started to stimulate the thyroid to a higher thyroid hormones production and thus to its higher activity.
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